This page collects the primary assessments, datasets, and peer-reviewed literature cited across Verdi. You can use these references to verify our numbers and dive deeper.
Clarke, L., Wei, Y.-M., De La Vega Navarro, A., Garg, A., Hahmann, A. N., Khennas, S., Azevedo, I. M. L., Loschel, A., Singh, A. K., Steg, L., Strbac, G., & Wada, K. (2022). Energy systems. In P. R. Shukla et al. (Eds.), Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change (IPCC AR6 WGIII, Chapter 6). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009157926.008
Ember (2026) – with major processing by Our World in Data. (2026). Lifecycle carbon intensity of electricity generation – Ember [dataset]. Retrieved from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/carbon-intensity-electricity (underlying Ember Yearly Electricity Data; lifecycle g CO₂e per kWh converted to kg for this calculator).
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. (2022). Climate Change 2022: Impacts, adaptation and vulnerability (Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report). Cambridge University Press. https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/
International Atomic Energy Agency. (2025). Nuclear power reactors in the world (Reference Data Series No. 2, 45th ed.). IAEA. https://doi.org/10.61092/iaea.1g28-w3uk
International Energy Agency. (2021). The role of critical minerals in clean energy transitions (World Energy Outlook Special Report; revised March 2022). IEA. https://www.iea.org/reports/the-role-of-critical-minerals-in-clean-energy-transitions
International Energy Agency. (2023, July 11). Energy storage. IEA. https://www.iea.org/energy-system/electricity/energy-storage
International Energy Agency. (2024). Renewables 2024: Analysis and forecast to 2030. IEA. https://www.iea.org/reports/renewables-2024
International Energy Agency. (2025). Energy and AI. IEA. https://www.iea.org/reports/energy-and-ai
International Renewable Energy Agency. (2024). Renewable power generation costs in 2023. IRENA. https://www.irena.org/Publications/2024/Sep/Renewable-power-generation-costs-in-2023
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2019). OECD AI Principles: Overview. OECD. https://oecd.ai/en/ai-principles
Pathak, M., Slade, R., Shukla, P. R., Skea, J., Pichs-Madruga, R., & Urge-Vorsatz, D. (2022). Technical summary. In P. R. Shukla et al. (Eds.), Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change (IPCC AR6 WGIII). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009157926.002
Ritchie, H., & Rosado, P. (2020). Electricity mix. Our World in Data. https://ourworldindata.org/electricity-mix (underlying grapher datasets include Ember and Energy Institute series, cited per chart metadata).
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. (2021). Recommendation on the ethics of artificial intelligence. UNESCO. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000381137
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. (2015). The Paris Agreement. UNFCCC. https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement
World Bank Group. (2024). Just transition for climate action. World Bank. https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/climatechange/brief/just-transition